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Debating Consumer Durables. Luxury and Social Inequality in Poland during the System Transition
(2015)
This essay aims to discuss how cultural meanings of modern consumer durables, such as colour TVs, stereos and automatic washing machines, were embedded in the public debate towards social equality before and after the change of 1989 in Poland. In state socialism, availability of affordable electric appliances was one of the agendas of the state politics of collective consumption. Along with the system transition, affordability of consumer durables became extensively discussed within the framework of emerging consumer capitalism. At that time purchases and ownership of consumer durables became an indicator of the emergence of a new consumption culture based upon individual lifestyles in a society where social diversification and income inequality were intrinsic elements of social order.
By analysing oral history interviews with industrial workers in Poland, this article adds some nuance to the study of post-industrial and post-socialist nostalgia. It presents diverse vernacular memories of the post-1989 systemic change from state socialism to neoliberal capitalism, and shows that nostalgia for an industrial ›golden age‹, although significant, is not the only way of making sense of this change. Rather, a distinctive feature of vernacular memory is the ambiguity about both socialism and capitalism. Recognising the variety of memories, the article underlines the critical potential of nostalgic currents for highlighting what is felt to be wrong with contemporary work culture. The article also differentiates between the vernacular memories of industrial communities recorded in oral history and institutionalised political memories in order to stress that the critical potential of nostalgic memories has been largely absent in the latter. In Poland, nostalgia for industrial life has been given little opportunity to become a reflective and critically useful mechanism to protect values that remain relevant in the present, such as the importance of sociability and agency in the workplace.
Der Aufsatz setzt die Massenerschießungen von Katyn, bei denen der NKWD 1940 Tausende polnischer Kriegsgefangener tötete, in den Kontext einer deutsch-sowjetischen Verflechtungsgeschichte, um die abstrakten Gewalthierarchien früherer Diktaturvergleiche zu überwinden. Dass Goebbels’ sonst wenig glaubwürdige Propaganda 1943 die wirklichen Täter nannte, prägte die langfristigen Kommunikationsmuster ebenso wie Stalins Versuch, Zweifler an der angeblichen deutschen Täterschaft als Kollaborateure des „Dritten Reichs“ zu diskreditieren. In den Deutungen von Katyn während des Kalten Kriegs wirkten die konträren Sichtweisen aus der Zeit des Zweiten Weltkriegs folgenreich nach. Analysiert werden das Beschweigen, die Verrätselung und die Boulevardisierung Katyns vor allem in der westlichen Rezeption; so trägt der Aufsatz dazu bei, die Geschichtskultur des Kalten Kriegs zu historisieren. Katyn ist ein Lehrstück über die Selektivität historischer Narrationen, das bis in aktuelle Debatten um eine europäische Weltkriegserinnerung hineinreicht.