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Music played an important role as a political medium for the anti-apartheid movement, particularly in the 1980s. Drawing on sources from the UK and South Africa, the article investigates the controversy surrounding Paul Simon’s album Graceland (1986) against the backdrop of the cultural boycott against South Africa. The aim of the boycott was to isolate the apartheid regime in the field of culture, but from the middle of the 1980s, the opposition within South Africa increasingly regarded it as an obstacle. The African National Congress (ANC) pursued a modification of the boycott against the resistance of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM). The controversy over Graceland only served to compound the confusion: opinions differed as to whether Simon had really breached the cultural boycott by collaborating with South African musicians, and on how this could potentially be sanctioned (in either sense of the word). The incident shows that the attempt to control transnational cultural currents through political institutions in times of increased mediatisation was ultimately doomed to failure.
As one of the most viewed films on apartheid South Africa, Sir Richard Attenborough’s Oscar-nominated Cry Freedom helped push the atrocities of the apartheid system to the forefront of public attention. The screenplay was based on South African journalist Donald Woods’ autobiographical books Biko (1978) and Asking for Trouble (1981), which detail Woods’ relationship with Biko and the court trial following Biko’s death in police custody.
In this article I examine the context for the British bank Barclays’ decision to disinvest from South Africa in 1986, with special attention to the impact of the Anti-Apartheid Movement’s campaign against the bank. The 18-year long campaign against Barclays – the largest bank in South Africa at the time and the fourth largest foreign-owned corporation – points to significant developments within the fields of corporate social responsibility and the potential influence of social movements on multinational corporations. Applying the theoretical approach of subpolitics as developed by Ulrich Beck in combination with the later subdivision by Boris Holzer and Mads P. Sørensen into a passive and an active form, it is possible to analyse the decisions of both anti-apartheid activists and Barclays on similar terms. The conclusions drawn in this article emphasise the idea that economic decisions taken by multinational corporations may have unintended political consequences and, furthermore, that the awareness of this phenomenon has contributed to the development of corporate social responsibility. Finally, I suggest that the campaign against Barclays generated public attentiveness towards the social responsibility of businesses.
Guerrilla Mothers and Distant Doubles: West German Feminists Look at China and Vietnam, 1968–1982
(2015)
Communist China and Vietnam looked like the future to many West German feminists in the years after 1968. This article reconstructs a lost history of influence, identification and emulation, tracing some of the ways that Chinese and Vietnamese communism inspired and attracted West German feminists from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. Beginning in a spirit of socialist universalism, West German feminists drew on reports of the experience of East Asian women who they felt lived in the ›liberated zones‹ of post-revolutionary society. Like the French radicals who declared that ›Vietnam is in our factories‹, West German feminists created a global framework for their activism. Looking east, they borrowed or adopted models of consciousness-raising and direct action from China and Vietnam. This article tracks the arc of exchange, from the enthusiasm of the late 1960s and 1970s to the West German feminist disenchantment with both East Asian communism and the global South by the early 1980s.
Warum Südafrika? Die Politik des britischen Anti-Apartheid-Aktivismus in den langen 1970er Jahren
(2017)
Die weltweite Anti-Apartheid-Bewegung war »die erste erfolgreiche transnationale soziale Bewegung in der Ära der Globalisierung«. So sieht es Francis Nesbitt, der argumentiert: »Das Ungewöhnliche an ihr war das Ausmaß der Unterstützung, die sie von Einzelpersonen, Regierungen und Organisationen auf allen Kontinenten erfuhr. Soziale Bewegungen erreichen selten auch nur annähernd eine solche internationale Unterstützung wie die gegen das rassistische Apartheidregime in Südafrika.« Nesbitts Urteil steht stellvertretend für die Sicht anderer Historiker, die jüngst begonnen haben, sich mit dem Anti-Apartheid-Aktivismus zu befassen. Sie alle betonen das große Maß an Zuspruch, das dieser erfahren habe. Bislang haben sie es jedoch kaum unternommen, zu untersuchen und zu erklären, wie sich diese Unterstützung im Lauf der Zeit veränderte, oder der Frage nachzugehen, warum sich bestimmte Einzelpersonen und Organisationen in der Bewegung gegen das südafrikanische Apartheidregime engagierten.
Jenseits der Binaritäten von zwei Geschlechtern, zwei Gendern und zwei möglichen Strukturen des Begehrens versteht dieser Beitrag Queerness als ein Netz, in dem alle Aspekte des Begehrens und der Sexualität, einschließlich der Hegemonie der Heteronormativität, miteinander in Beziehung stehen und fließend ineinander verwoben sind. Ich verwende ‚Queer‘ hier als ein analytisches Konzept, um auf nicht-heteronormative Strukturen des Begehrens und der Sexualität zu verweisen, ohne mich auf die Kategorien der Vergangenheit festzulegen. Mit anderen Worten: Ich versuche, der Fluidität, die queere Theorien betonen, treu zu bleiben. Queer wird hier nicht nur gedacht als ein Oberbegriff für alle Formen gleichgeschlechtlichen Begehrens und geschlechtlicher Nonkonformität. Vielmehr verwende ich queer um Identitätszwängen zu entrinnen, und so in den Archiven auch Stimmen zu finden, die sich nicht unter den je zeitgenössischen Begriffen subsumieren lassen.
Im Juni/Juli 1976 wurde eine Air France-Maschine nach Entebbe (Uganda) entführt; dabei trennte ein deutsch-palästinensisches Terrorkommando die jüdischen von den nichtjüdischen Passagieren und behielt allein die jüdischen Geiseln in seiner Gewalt. Skizziert wird, welche Bedeutung den äußerst medienwirksamen Flugzeugentführungen der Jahre 1968–1977 im Kontext der Entwicklung des internationalen Terrorismus zukam. Vor allem anhand der Reaktionen auf den Sechstagekrieg von 1967 und die Entebbe-Entführung von 1976 wird gezeigt, dass das Verhältnis der deutschen Linken zum Staat Israel und zur NS-Vergangenheit entgegen früheren Annahmen ambivalent und problematisch blieb. Unter dem Deckmantel des Antiimperialismus schlug die Haltung der vorgeblich geschichtsbewussten ‚68er‘ zum Nahostkonflikt zeitweise in offenen Antisemitismus um.
Das westdeutsche Abschieberegime entstand im Kontext der Problematisierung von People of Color, die seit 1950 in die Bundesrepublik einreisten, um dort ein Studium oder eine Ausbildung aufzunehmen. Die junge Republik lud Menschen aus sich dekolonisierenden Ländern zunächst ein, um sich von der Rassenideologie des National- sozialismus zu distanzieren und sich gegenüber dem Sozialismus zu profilieren. Dabei bestand jedoch weiterhin die im Kern völkische Prämisse, dass People of Color nicht langfristig bleiben sollten. Die Herstellung ihrer Rückführbarkeit manifestierte sich in der Rechts-, Verwaltungs- und Betreuungspraxis lokaler Behörden und Wohlfahrtsverbände, wodurch diese Prämisse in das Ausländergesetz von 1965 einging. Das Gesetz machte insbesondere »außereuropäische« Migrant*innen abschiebbar, denen es pauschal kriminelle Täuschungsabsichten und extremistische Politisierung unterstellte. Es verrechtlichte zudem eine pseudomoralische Rückkehrpflicht von People of Color unter Verweis auf ihren Entwicklungsauftrag in den Herkunftsländern und auf tradierte Geschlechterrollen. Diese Normen waren in der Bundesrepublik permanent abrufbar und wurden sukzessive auf andere Migrant*innen angewandt.
West Germany’s deportation regime emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, when people of color migrated there to graduate from West German universities and receive voca- tional training. Distancing itself from the Nazis’ racial ideology and styling itself a liberal alternative to socialism, the young Federal Republic initially invited people from decolonizing countries. However, the substantially völkisch idea persisted that people of color could never belong to the Federal Republic and should leave the country sooner rather than later. The ensuing construction of their returnability manifested itself in juridical, administrative and aid practices shaped by local authorities and welfare associations, and found its way into the Aliens Act of 1965. This law made ›non-Euro- pean‹ migrants, in particular, deportable by declaring them collectively fraudulent, politically radicalized, and therefore criminal. At the same time, the Aliens Act evoked a pseudo-moral duty of return to develop their countries of origin, and referred to traditional gender roles to deport female partners. These norms remained anchored throughout in West Germany’s history and were successively applied to other migrants.
In the 1980s, when computers became affordable for private households, a hacker or cracking scene, which was the term used by members of this subculture, developed in several western and northwestern European countries. These (almost exclusively male) groups of adolescents ‘cracked’, copied and exchanged computer games. On the basis of magazines and published interviews with former members of this scene, this article shows how cracking became an important current in the broad spectrum of teenage subculture – with specific ethical codes and rituals of masculinity. Its members were by no means lone specialists who eschewed contact with the outside world, but rather developed their own forms of community and communication. This scene did not construe itself as a political counter-culture; it was rather part of the diversifying popular and consumer culture of the 1980s. In the early 1990s, when law enforcing agencies began to prosecute software piracy more resolutely, this computer subculture began to fade. However, it lived on in the field of computer graphics, in electronic music and in the growing IT sector.
Access Activism. The Politicization of Wheelchairs and Wheelchair Users in the Twentieth Century
(2022)
For millions of disabled people around the world the wheelchair has been one of the most important technological innovations of the twentieth century. From its inception as a relatively cumbersome, heavy machine, designed principally for indoor use, the wheelchair has evolved into a sophisticated and highly technical mode of transport. Wheelchairs are, at least in the Global North, relatively widely used and universally recognizable – so recognizable that they have become the cultural symbol to represent all disabled people. Wheelchairs are often viewed with trepidation: as machines that disable, confine, and deprive their occupant of independence – as medical devices that doctors prescribe only to the sick, the wounded or the elderly. Such definitions and perceptions infiltrate the public lives of wheelchair users, cause considerable macro and micro political difficulties, and consequently disable users in a myriad of different ways.