Propaganda
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Modeled after the Soviet propaganda magazine SSSR na stroike (›USSR in Construction‹, published 1930–1941, 1949), the Japanese overseas propaganda photo magazine FRONT (1942–1945) provided visual propaganda for the so-called ›Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere‹, a concept that was proclaimed in 1940 and served to disguise Japan’s quest for hegemony in Asia. Employing the aesthetics of Russian Constructivism and Socialist Realism of SSSR na stroike, FRONT created a visual aesthetic that could be termed Japanese Co-Prosperity Realism. Its dynamic and modernistic design was a transculturally inspired practice by Japanese photographers, graphic designers, journalists and producers of visual media, some of whom had been left-wing intellectuals or had lived and worked in the Soviet Union. In a comparative perspective, this paper carves out the political, cultural and gendered semantics of the (in)visibility of power, political religion and ethnic diversity that such aesthetics entailed. It explores some of the shifting backgrounds against which photographic techniques were enacted, from their avant-garde beginnings to their application in authoritarian regimes.
»Free to Choose«. Die Popularisierung des Neoliberalismus in Milton Friedmans Fernsehserie (1980/90)
(2015)
In einem engen, stickigen Kellerraum irgendwo in Rochester, New York, klingeln die Telefone, es ist viel zu tun. Von überallher laufen Aufträge ein, denn die Firma P.H. Brennan Hand Delivery, die hier ihren Sitz hat, prosperiert. Pat Brennan, eine kleine, schmächtige Frau, die entschlossen in die Kamera blickt, ist die Gründerin der kleinen Firma. Die Kamera zeigt, wie sie als Zustellerin, mit Briefen beladen, zu Fuß durch Rochester läuft. Hinter ihr droht das große, einschüchternde Gebäude des United States Post Office. Ganz ähnliche Hochhäuser waren in dieser Serie schon früher zu sehen: In ihrer schieren Massivität visualisieren sie sehr genau das, was Milton Friedman, der die Geschichte aus dem Off kommentiert, big government nennt. Big government nämlich zerstört wenig später Pat Brennans prosperierendes Kleinunternehmen. In den USA des Jahres 1978 ist die Post ein gesetzlich gesichertes Staatsmonopol. Brennan Hand Delivery muss deshalb schließen, nach einem auch gerichtlich ausgetragenen Kampf gegen die Regierung. Die letzte Kameraeinstellung zeigt den Kellerraum, der die Firma beherbergte, still, leer und verlassen. Diesen Kampf gegen Goliath hat David verloren.
The newly emerging historical scholarship on the era ›after the boom‹, on the marketization of societies in the wake of the neoliberal political reforms, deregulation, and privatization starting in the 1970s, has emphasized this threshold as an epochal break that was driven by large-scale structural shifts in the global economy, in social relations, and in cultural identities. This new accentuation of the economic and social transformation has, for good reason, eclipsed older historical traditions that focused on events, discourses, specific interests, and individual actors. The marketization of social relations is thus often considered to be the result of processes beyond the reach and scope of purposeful actors that promoted specific societal changes. While this historical focus is quite right in denying independent causal status to specific agents and the self-aggrandizement of vain leaders and their intellectual entourage, it tends to obscure the historical genesis of ideas and concepts that later became critical components of political leadership, and the specific constellations of interests, knowledge and actors that did prefigure and originally promote the marketization of economic and political institutions.