Metropolen
This article examines the rise of aeromobile sprawl, which is defined here as aviation’s socio-environmental impact on people, places, and things, in Canada during the 1970s. It links aeromobile sprawl largely to state-led airport development and the effect that upgrading, expanding, and building new airports had on communities and landscapes. Accordingly, it shows that while aeromobile sprawl was to some extent an outcome of postwar developments not limited to aviation, the Canadian government and its partners also contributed to sprawl by endorsing various policies and strategies that shifted over the period in question. At the same time, these actions did not go unnoticed. Public critiques of aeromobile sprawl emerged as people increasingly objected to larger and busier airports operating near populated and non-industrial areas. This article demonstrates that debates in Canada about airport development and the rapid growth of aviation revealed sharply diverging views about how to best accommodate the mobility requirements of mass air travel within the country’s natural and built environments in the 1970s.
Research on the commons, and its historical enclosure, has largely restricted itself to rural areas and the frontier. This article examines the declining access to Rio de Janeiro’s urban commons, its streets and its squares. Into the nineteenth century, residents perceived Rio’s streets as remnants of nature, left intact to give access to the built environment. The streets served as a diverse human habitat, a place for community, play, work, and commerce. With the arrival of the automobile, Rio’s public spaces began to be transformed into spaces set aside largely for movement. The automotive class, which in Brazil remained a tiny minority, captured most of the streets’ spaces for driving and its squares and sidewalks for parking, in a sense closing the street off to many of its former functions. In fact, automotive movement justified – and its violence enforced – the elimination of street behaviors which the elite had been decrying unsuccessfully for decades. Compared to the developed world, the pace of automobilization in Rio was slow, but it had a profound impact from as early as the second decade of the century.
»Leise über den Dächern reisen«, so war im Herbst 2012 ein Artikel zu städtischen Seilbahnen betitelt. Der zentrale Vorteil dieses Transportmittels: Seine Nutzer würden hoch über den verstopften Straßen schweben, ihr Ziel fast lautlos, ohne Verzögerung und beinahe CO2-neutral erreichen. In Europa ist die zu den Olympischen Sommerspielen 2012 in London eröffnete und nach ihrem Sponsor benannte Luftseilbahn Emirates Air Line eines der bekanntesten Prestigeprojekte für diese neue städtische Mobilitätsform. Als Vorbilder dienten die urbanen Seilbahnen in Asien und Lateinamerika, obschon vereinzelt auch westliche Städte wie Barcelona, New York oder Koblenz im ausgehenden 20. und frühen 21. Jahrhundert auf dieses Konzept gesetzt hatten. Gerade in Metropolregionen und Megastädten, die sich mit einem massiven Verkehrsaufkommen und einem immer weiter voranschreitenden Bevölkerungswachstum konfrontiert sehen, entwickelt sich die Seilbahn zu einem Fortbewegungsmittel, das Zukunftsutopien bedient.
Since the 1950s, cycling policy in China has gone through three phases: from active encouragement (1955–1994) and systematic discouragement (1994–2008) to neglect and ambivalence (since the 2010s). Parallel to the expansion of automobility, the country has been unique in its development of innovations in electric-powered two-wheelers and a vibrant e-cycling practice since the 1980s. Electric bikes have given over 300 million low-status commuters and peddlers access to jobs and housing, even though planners have dismissed them as a problematic ›floating population‹ and remnants of the past. Given China’s current urban sustainable mobility challenges and ambition to become the world’s first ›Ecological Civilization‹ (2013), China’s bicycle industry, e-vehicle manufacturers, and the e-commerce sector may offer an alternative to the US-based ›car civilization‹ if ecological (e-cycles) and social (low-status workers) sustainability are brought into one analytical frame.
Wie klingt Sozialismus im urbanen Raum einer DDR-Bezirkshauptstadt? Diese Frage verknüpft Überlegungen zur Soundgeschichte einer Stadt mit den Aspekten Umwelt und öffentliche Hygiene. Lärm als Problemlage des städtischen Raumes auszumachen, erforderte Perspektivenwechsel, die nicht nur das DDR-Gesundheitswesen vor Herausforderungen stellte. Gesund zu werden, gesund zu bleiben, galten als Anforderungen öffentlich-administrativer Vorgaben an die private Lebensgestaltung. Die entsprechenden Voraussetzungen dafür zu schaffen, das steckte sich die sozialistische Gesundheitsverwaltung als eines ihrer Ziele und Kernaufgaben.