Flucht und Vertreibung
Ausweisungen können weitere politische Funktionen einnehmen, die über die staatliche Steuerung von Migration hinausgehen. Wie wir in diesem Aufsatz anhand zweier Sondertypen von Ausweisungen zeigen, können solche Maßnahmen gerade in Phasen staatlicher Konsolidierung und bei der Überlappung von Souveränitätsansprüchen als politisches right-peopling auftreten. In diesem Kontext untersuchen wir die Rolle von Ausweisungen während der kritischen Phase der deutschen Nationalstaatsbildung nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Für die 1920er-Jahre analysieren wir einerseits Ausweisungen von Deutschen aus anderen Landesteilen durch deutsche Landesbehörden (etwa von Württembergern aus Baden), andererseits Ausweisungen von Deutschen aus dem besetzten Rheinland durch die alliierten Besatzungsbehörden. Mit Bezug auf aktuelle Debatten um Illegalisierung und deportability von Migrant*innen betrachten wir Beispiele aus regional- und rechtshistorischen Quellen der Weimarer Republik. So zeigen wir, wie Ausweisungen sozialpolitische und ethnisch-exklusive Ziele hatten, aber auch zu einer Stärkung staatlicher Institutionen und zu einer nationalistischen Identifikation mit dem Deutschen Reich nach dem verlorenen Krieg führten.
Expulsions not only assume key roles in states’ efforts to control, regulate, and channel migration movements; they also have a variety of additional political functions. In this article, we examine two particular expulsion practices and show that they are used in processes of political ›right-peopling‹, especially in times of state consolidation and competing claims of state sovereignty. In this context, we investigate the role of expulsions in the crucial phase of German nation-building following the First World War. Our analysis of expulsion practices in interwar Germany focuses on the expulsions of Germans from individual German states by regional authorities (e.g. Wuerttemberg Germans who were expelled from Baden) as well as on expulsions of Germans from the occupied Rhineland ordered by the Allied occupation authorities. We assess regional and legal sources from German archives through the lens of current debates on the illegalisation and ›deportability‹ of migrants. Drawing on case studies, we show that expulsions were used not only to realise socially and ethnically exclusionary policies but also to stabilise state institutions. We argue that the reaction to some of these practices led to a new nationalist identification with the German Reich of the Weimar Republic.
The International Tracing Service archives offer process-generated documents from resettlement programs for displaced persons (DP) after World War II. This paper addresses two key challenges to ongoing research based on those archival holdings: the generation of data; and the visual representation of that data in geographic information systems. Digital history offers the opportunity to go beyond case studies and use the wealth of process-generated documents as se- rial sources for algorithm-based analysis. However, data in that form does not exist as such, and thus needs to be generated – a process that implies interpre- tative acts such as abstraction, normalization, and trans-coding, which are shaped by the character of digital media. Can modeling a DP’s life into a series of events, and digitally processing the resultant data, help to find out more about the agency of DPs negotiating their destiny with the authorities? If the mostly hidden and implicit configurations of digital knowledge production are thoughtfully considered and geostatistical analysis is combined with close readings of selected source documents, hermeneutic and quantitative ap- proaches can be reconciled via digital history. This mixed method approach has implications for research culture and the publication of such data.