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The first thesis the paper argues is that a certain collective identity emerged at the shop floor („we“, the workers as opposed to „them“, party leaders, intelligentsia, peasants, the self-employed) that was built - and declared - increasingly in opposition to the official ideology and the communist party.5 Important factors in this process were the growing economic difficulties, the party’s apparent inability to solve them and the increasing materialism people experienced in the everyday life - including party member- and leadership. From the mid-70s onwards, the workers could perceive the worsening economic situation of the country by the decrease of the real wages and the need to do overwork or take extra jobs (first in the agriculture and then in the so-called vgmk-s) to keep the former standards of living. The continuously increasing prices made the impact of the „global market“ real regardless of the stance of the Central Committee. The sharpening criticism of the system is formulated, however, not from the viewpoint of the individual but that of the worker, which suggests the existence of a collective identity. One may call it a paradox of the Communist ideology that the system, after all, was successful to develop working-class collective identities but these were built in opposition to the Communist regime and not for it. The paper will attempt to show how these „oppositionist“ identities were formulated and in what ways they are indicative of the alienation of the workers from the workers’ state.
Korporatismus und Lobbyismus vor 50 Jahren und heute. Theodor Eschenburgs „Herrschaft der Verbände?"
(2005)
Als zehn Jahre nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs Theodor Eschenburgs kleine, aber einflussreiche Schrift über die besorgniserregende Zunahme von Verbandsinteressen und Gruppenegoismen im noch jungen demokratischen Gemeinwesen der Bundesrepublik erschien, waren Verbände weder hinsichtlich der Organisationsmacht noch mit ihren Einflussversuchen auf politische Entscheidungsprozesse neuartige Phänomene. Man mag an den Alldeutschen Verband oder den Bund der Landwirte im Kaiserreich denken, an die Gewerkschaften der Weimarer Republik oder die mächtige industrielle Verbandslobby, die auch während des Nationalsozialismus weitgehend erhalten blieb: In modernen Massengesellschaften zählt die Artikulation partikularer Gruppeninteressen spätestens seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zum Alltag.