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The study of organized sound is the business of musicology – yet this routine observation carries a wealth of complexities, especially in the context of interdisciplinary discourse. Although musicology’s pluridisciplinary foundations offer open access to such disciplines as history, literary studies, mathematics, or sociology, the field’s intradisciplinary discourses and methodologies have shaped musicology in ways that turn most interdisciplinary exchange into a challenge. The scholarly exploration of sound in the twentieth century presents a case in point. Meaningful research on, for example, the music of the contemporary avant-garde composer Kaija Saariaho demands highly sophisticated technical skills in the spheres of the analysis, aesthetics, and technologies of music. While one could imagine interdisciplinary research on Saariaho involving, for example, the humanities or social sciences – perhaps with respect to, say, cultural politics in the late twentieth century – the specialist areas of music research usually remain disciplinarily hermetic. My current work on music in the USA during World War II offers striking examples of the need for, yet problems of, squaring interdisciplinary engagement with intradisciplinarities. The following remarks will address some of those disciplinary intersections.
The supposedly commercial products of the culture industry are increasingly facing sales difficulties because growing numbers of self-assertive consumers are downloading products at will, thus no longer following the given rules of the market. Not only multinational record companies, but also representatives of ‘high’ culture are adamant in their criticism of the current ‘culture for free’ tendency. The latter can hardly be characterized as profit-oriented – nor would they describe themselves that way – but they contend that bootleg copies are a threat to their livelihood, and that the culture of piracy paves the way for harebrained mass products. The discussion encompasses copyright laws and the ways consumers are appropriating cultural products as well as the question whether or not these tendencies will fundamentally change the production of culture. Such debates are charged with cultural criticism, but in essence of economic nature. In addition, the cultural sector is faced with the accusation of waning societal relevance. In the arts and features sections of newspapers and magazines, journalists and essayists bemoan that pop culture is no longer ‘the voice and mirror of political and social change, like twenty or thirty years ago’. Although popular culture may have evolved from its original return and distribution strategies as well as its constitutive (at least for some) connection to youth and protest movements, a medially conveyed, market-driven culture that is accessible to a wide audience remains a characteristic feature of modern societies and their self-perceptions.
In der Diskussion um den Strukturwandel der 1970er- und 1980er-Jahre haben musikkulturelle Vergemeinschaftungen bisher kaum eine Rolle gespielt. Der Aufsatz analysiert den Wandel von Klassenzuschreibungen an der Schnittstelle von Gesellschafts- und Musikgeschichte über einen regionalen und räumlichen Zugriff. Dazu werden die Working Men’s Clubs im englischen Nordosten mit ihrer Verknüpfung von Arbeiterkultur und jugendkultureller Individualisierung während der »New Wave of British Heavy Metal« (NWOBHM) als Orte eines gesellschaftlichen Aufbruchs interpretiert. Wie gestaltete sich dort der Übergang von strukturellen zu kulturellen Klassenbeziehungen, und welche Folgen hatte dies für die weitere Entwicklung der Heavy-Metal-Kultur? Die Anbindung der NWOBHM an die Arbeiterklasse ermöglichte es einer entstehenden »neuen Mittelschicht«, zu der die Musiker häufig selbst gehörten, an der empfundenen Authentizität der »Working Class« zu partizipieren, während gleichzeitig postindustrielle Elemente mit einem jüngeren, auch weiblichen Publikum Einzug in die Working Men’s Clubs hielten.
In the discussion about the structural transformation of the 1970s and 1980s, the formation of musical/cultural communities has been largely ignored. The article analyses the shift in class attributions at the interface of social and music history via a regional and spatial approach. To this end, the Working Men’s Clubs in the English Northeast and their combination of working-class culture and individualisation in terms of youth culture during the New Wave of British Heavy Metal (NWOBHM) are interpreted as sites of social awakening. How did the transition from structural to cultural class relations manifest itself in the clubs, and what consequences did this have for the further development of heavy metal culture? The NWOBHM’s affiliation with the working classes enabled an emerging ›new middle class‹, to which the musicians themselves often belonged, to participate in the perceived authenticity of the ›working class‹, while at the same time post-industrial elements with a younger, partly female audience found their way into the Working Men’s Clubs.
In der Anti-Apartheid-Bewegung spielte Musik als politisches Medium eine herausragende Rolle, besonders in den 1980er-Jahren. Auf der Basis von Quellenmaterial aus England und aus Südafrika untersucht der Aufsatz die Kontroverse um Paul Simons Album »Graceland« (1986) vor dem Hintergrund des Kulturboykotts. Dieser sollte das Apartheid-Regime auf dem Gebiet der Kultur isolieren, wurde aber seit Mitte der 1980er-Jahre von der Opposition innerhalb Südafrikas immer mehr als Fessel betrachtet. Der African National Congress (ANC) betrieb eine Modifikation des Boykotts – gegen den Widerstand der britischen Anti-Apartheid-Bewegung. Die Kontroverse um »Graceland« steigerte noch die Verwirrung: Es gab unterschiedliche Meinungen zu der Frage, ob Simon durch seine Zusammenarbeit mit südafrikanischen Musikern den Kulturboykott gebrochen habe und wie dies eventuell zu sanktionieren sei. Der Versuch, in Zeiten gesteigerter Medialisierung grenzüberschreitende kulturelle Ströme durch politische Instanzen kontrollieren zu wollen, war letztlich zum Scheitern verurteilt.
Music played an important role as a political medium for the anti-apartheid movement, particularly in the 1980s. Drawing on sources from the UK and South Africa, the article investigates the controversy surrounding Paul Simon’s album Graceland (1986) against the backdrop of the cultural boycott against South Africa. The aim of the boycott was to isolate the apartheid regime in the field of culture, but from the middle of the 1980s, the opposition within South Africa increasingly regarded it as an obstacle. The African National Congress (ANC) pursued a modification of the boycott against the resistance of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM). The controversy over Graceland only served to compound the confusion: opinions differed as to whether Simon had really breached the cultural boycott by collaborating with South African musicians, and on how this could potentially be sanctioned (in either sense of the word). The incident shows that the attempt to control transnational cultural currents through political institutions in times of increased mediatisation was ultimately doomed to failure.