Kultur
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The supposedly commercial products of the culture industry are increasingly facing sales difficulties because growing numbers of self-assertive consumers are downloading products at will, thus no longer following the given rules of the market. Not only multinational record companies, but also representatives of ‘high’ culture are adamant in their criticism of the current ‘culture for free’ tendency. The latter can hardly be characterized as profit-oriented – nor would they describe themselves that way – but they contend that bootleg copies are a threat to their livelihood, and that the culture of piracy paves the way for harebrained mass products. The discussion encompasses copyright laws and the ways consumers are appropriating cultural products as well as the question whether or not these tendencies will fundamentally change the production of culture. Such debates are charged with cultural criticism, but in essence of economic nature. In addition, the cultural sector is faced with the accusation of waning societal relevance. In the arts and features sections of newspapers and magazines, journalists and essayists bemoan that pop culture is no longer ‘the voice and mirror of political and social change, like twenty or thirty years ago’. Although popular culture may have evolved from its original return and distribution strategies as well as its constitutive (at least for some) connection to youth and protest movements, a medially conveyed, market-driven culture that is accessible to a wide audience remains a characteristic feature of modern societies and their self-perceptions.
Es waren nicht zuerst die Zeithistoriker, die das Thema Alter und Altern für die Geschichtswissenschaft erschlossen. Die Pioniere näherten sich dem Gegenstand aus dem 19. Jahrhundert oder griffen noch viel weiter aus. Diese Perspektive der longue durée ist vor allem der Sozialgeschichte eigen: Bezogen auf Alter und Altern flankierte sie die Historische Demographie, um Altersaufbau, Lebenserwartung und Familienstrukturen von Gesellschaften über Jahrhunderte hinweg zu rekonstruieren. Ebenso lässt sich die Entwicklung von Rentensystemen und ihren Vorläufern in der Langzeitperspektive beschreiben. Die Kulturgeschichte folgte diesem Pfad; sie beleuchtete Altersbilder und -diskurse seit der Antike, wobei sie die Ambivalenz positiver und negativer Deutungen als Kontinuität entdeckte. Als dritter Strang der historischen Altersforschung hat sich die Medizingeschichte lange Zeit separat entwickelt.