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Die Visitenkarte mutet unverfänglich an. Man könnte sie zunächst für die gewöhnliche Karte eines Geschäftsmanns halten. Erst der zweite Blick lässt den Betrachter stutzig werden: War Peter Venkman nicht eine fiktive Gestalt aus dem Kassenschlager Ghostbusters von 1984? Erst das Wissen um die Provenienz des Papier-Artefakts leitet den Betrachter schließlich auf die richtige Fährte: Peter Venkman ist ein Pseudonym und Mega Industries kein größenwahnsinniger Konzern, sondern ein Kollektiv niederländischer Teenager innerhalb einer transnationalen Community, die kommerzielle Computerspiele vom Kopierschutz befreite und an den Verkaufskanälen vorbei zirkulierte.
This article evaluates a variety of recent attempts to conceptualize a historyof innovations from the perspective of social history. Special emphasis is given toapproaches arguing for a paradigm shift from innovation systems to innovationcultures, in particular by focussing on users as co-designers of technology. Theconcept of the co-construction of technology has been implemented especially in thethematic field of the integration and disintegration of Europe. The growing circulationof scientific knowledge and technical goods resulted in the “invention of European-ness” in the long 20th century. This article contributes to the discussion by examiningscientifically constructed user projections in the American and German automobileindustries.
In dem Beitrag wird untersucht, in welcher Weise Lohnzugeständnisse und andere materielle Zuwendungen dazu beigetragen haben, die Industriearbeiterschaft, und hier v.a. die Arbeiter der Metallindustrie, insbesondere in der Phase der Vollbeschäftigung ab 1935/36 politisch ruhig zu halten und insgesamt erfolgreich in den gesamten Wirtschaftsprozeß zu integrieren - ohne gleichzeitig durch eine drastische Erhöhung des Konsumtionsniveaus der Arbeiterschaft die Konsumgüterproduktion 'übermäßig' zu stimulieren und damit die forcierte Aufrüstung grundsätzlich zu gefährden. Ausführlich wird dargestellt, welche Rolle dabei den spezifischen Formen der Leistungsentlohnung zukam. Da die Entwicklung der (Effektiv-)Löhne nur vor dem Hintergrund der Situation auf dem Arbeitsmarkt verständlich wird, wird zu Beginn ein Überblick über die Beschäftigungsentwicklung bis September 1939 gegeben. Die Untersuchung kommt zu dem Ergebnis, daß die Erhöhung des Arbeitseinkommens der Metallarbeiterschaft, der am wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung am stärksten partizipierende Teil der Gesamtarbeiterschaft, auch nach Erreichen der Vollbeschäftigung nicht überschätzt werden darf.
In the aftermath of World War II, the political and geographical isolation of the Western parts of the former German capital also cut economic hinterland ties and caused an exodus of industrial companies. In consequence, West Berlin soon became dependent on West German transfer payments to balance the city’s budget. At the same time, a system of tax preferences was created to foster private investment and employment in the isolated city. The complex of subsidies was maintained and even expanded during the following decades though its negative economic effects became obvious in the second half of the 1960s. The article focuses the conceptual significance of subsidies in industrial policy as well as their factual impact on Berlin’s economic development from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, i.e. in a period of massive structural change. It comes to the conclusion that the persistence of subsidization should be explained primarily by its symbolic political value and by a lack of alternatives.
In this article I examine the context for the British bank Barclays’ decision to disinvest from South Africa in 1986, with special attention to the impact of the Anti-Apartheid Movement’s campaign against the bank. The 18-year long campaign against Barclays – the largest bank in South Africa at the time and the fourth largest foreign-owned corporation – points to significant developments within the fields of corporate social responsibility and the potential influence of social movements on multinational corporations. Applying the theoretical approach of subpolitics as developed by Ulrich Beck in combination with the later subdivision by Boris Holzer and Mads P. Sørensen into a passive and an active form, it is possible to analyse the decisions of both anti-apartheid activists and Barclays on similar terms. The conclusions drawn in this article emphasise the idea that economic decisions taken by multinational corporations may have unintended political consequences and, furthermore, that the awareness of this phenomenon has contributed to the development of corporate social responsibility. Finally, I suggest that the campaign against Barclays generated public attentiveness towards the social responsibility of businesses.
Die große Bedeutung des Pflegens und Reparierens in der Automobilkultur der DDR hatte Rahmenbedingungen wie etwa Versorgungs- und geplante Infrastrukturmängel, Eigenarbeit im Sozialismus und spezifische Fahrzeugeigenschaften. Selbermachen wird aber auch als möglicherweise universellere, nicht systemspezifische Form der Automobilnutzung und der Mensch-Technik-Beziehung interpretiert, wobei die Kontexte von Nutzerqualifikationen, Freizeitverhalten, Bildung, skills und deren Prestige eine Rolle spielen. Im Rahmen der automobilgeschichtlichen Periodisierung wird Eigenarbeit als Möglichkeit sloanistischer Modifikation fordistischer Einheitsfahrzeuge durch Nutzer gesehen, wobei technische Kreativität ‚von unten‘ zum Tragen kam.
Debating Consumer Durables, Luxury and Social Inequality in Poland during the System Transition
(2017)
Early twentieth-century managers identified the human factor in industry as one of the crucial problems of their time. This article reviews recent research on the development from unsystematic labour management to human resources management. Current studies transcend the well-known labour process debate, which focussed on management’s intent to control workers.Growing concern is laid on the fact that some early twentieth-century employers already practised strategies, which are characteristic of post-Fordism, e. g. that it would be more important to utilise individuals than control them with discipline. Studies on scientific management, social engineering, and the human relations approach are reviewed. Furthermore, I shall discuss the question which ones of these concepts were in fact adapted on work floor level. However, it has been proved that regimes of workforce government due to the power of foremen and supervisors were partly independent of higher management’s strategies.
The peculiar admiration that National Socialists had for Henry Ford and the supposed sympathies that the Detroit industrialist harbored for Nazism keep attracting the curious, both academic historians and Internet dilettantes. There is something irresistible about the connection between the man taken to symbolize American industrial modernity and the quintessential villains of the twentieth century.
The development of the modern concept of labour productivity. A contribution to German Business Economics history. The starting point of this article is the reduced output in German factories in the early 1920s, which employers attributed solely to workers’ inefficiency. This was possible because of the long standing lack of a common definition for productivity, particularly in the German-speaking area. This was not the result of historicism, but rather the lack of interdisciplinary and international engagement by German business economics. After World War II international research then provided an unambiguous definition related to a clear concept: that capital is of vital importance for productivity and that therefore a straightforward relationship between output and workers’ efficiency is non-existent.