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Early twentieth-century managers identified the human factor in industry as one of the crucial problems of their time. This article reviews recent research on the development from unsystematic labour management to human resources management. Current studies transcend the well-known labour process debate, which focussed on management’s intent to control workers.Growing concern is laid on the fact that some early twentieth-century employers already practised strategies, which are characteristic of post-Fordism, e. g. that it would be more important to utilise individuals than control them with discipline. Studies on scientific management, social engineering, and the human relations approach are reviewed. Furthermore, I shall discuss the question which ones of these concepts were in fact adapted on work floor level. However, it has been proved that regimes of workforce government due to the power of foremen and supervisors were partly independent of higher management’s strategies.
The development of the modern concept of labour productivity. A contribution to German Business Economics history. The starting point of this article is the reduced output in German factories in the early 1920s, which employers attributed solely to workers’ inefficiency. This was possible because of the long standing lack of a common definition for productivity, particularly in the German-speaking area. This was not the result of historicism, but rather the lack of interdisciplinary and international engagement by German business economics. After World War II international research then provided an unambiguous definition related to a clear concept: that capital is of vital importance for productivity and that therefore a straightforward relationship between output and workers’ efficiency is non-existent.