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It would be easy to presume that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights had always been a symbol of opposition and dissent in the German Democratic Republic. Passed by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, the UDHR contained a number of provisions that contradicted the political and social order of the GDR as run by the Socialist Unity Party (SED). It demanded an independent judiciary, prohibited arbitrary arrest and invasion of privacy, and guaranteed the right to leave one’s own country. In East Germany, where the judiciary was firmly an ideological organ, the Stasi regularly conducted mass surveillance and arbitrary detention and those seeking to leave the country illegally were shot at the border, this would seem to be a document seen to be inherently hostile to SED rule. Even the social rights contained in the UDHR, in particular the right to strike, were contrary to the legal realities of East Germany where citizens could not demand rights from the state that would obstruct the will of the party.
Yet over the course of East Germany’s existence, the Universal Declaration was more likely to be invoked by the SED than by its domestic opponents. The SED came to view the Universal Declaration and the UN human rights system as a whole as an ally to the Socialist Bloc and the contents of the UDHR reflected in the achievements of socialism within the borders of the GDR. For decades this was not challenged by East Germans on a mass scale, until very suddenly in the late 1980s, human rights and the UDHR became symbols of the democratic opposition. This article will trace the trajectory of the UDHR in East German public discourse from its passage in 1948 and the reaction by the SED in the Soviet Occupied Zone, through the commemorations of the UDHR on its many anniversaries before the ultimate collapse of SED in 1989.
Zwei Pressefotografien zeigen Menschen unterschiedlicher Migrantengruppen: eine türkische „Gastarbeiterfamilie“ und sogenannte Aussiedlerkinder. Beide Bilder stehen in einem engeren inneren Zusammenhang, als man auf den ersten Blick vermuten würde. Im Juli 1973, vier Monate vor Verkündung des „Anwerbestopps“ von Arbeitskräften aus Südeuropa, titelt „Der Spiegel“: „Gettos in Deutschland. Eine Million Türken“. Auf dem Cover des Nachrichtenmagazins ist eine achtköpfige, vermutlich türkische Familie abgebildet: fünf Kinder, Mutter, Vater und ein weiterer männlicher Verwandter oder Freund der Familie. Das zweite Bild zeigt ein modernes Sprachlabor im Durchgangswohnheim Unna-Massen im Jahr 1971: An Arbeitsplätzen, die mit Trennwänden voneinander abgeschirmt sind, sitzen „Aussiedlerkinder“ und erhalten über Kopfhörer Deutschunterricht.