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During the 1970s liberal social scientists and leftist activists discussed the possible decriminalization of pedophilia. The essay argues that, while rooted in the “sexual revolution,” this debate can only be comprehended if one considers customary practices of education. The essay explores the often violent situation in residential child homes and its critique by the New Left (“Heimkampagne”) and inquires into ideas about children and young persons’ own agency. The juxtaposition of physical violence and seemingly unproblematic sexuality made advocacy for pedophiliac contacts plausible, to the degree that some adolescents of the Nuremberg “Indianerkommune” even claimed right to these encounters.
„Wife-beating is occurring every 18 seconds in the United States“, teilte das FBI 1978 mit und machte durch diesen Sprechakt deutlich, dass auch in amerikanischen Sicherheitskreisen inzwischen ein Bewusstsein für die Bedeutung häuslicher Gewalt entstanden war. Zugleich handelte es sich hierbei nicht nur um eines von vielen Verbrechen, sondern es war sogar, wie das FBI erkannte, „the largest single offense committed, and probably the least reported“. Hinzu kam, dass auch die Polizeiorgane selbst massiv von diesem Problem betroffen waren: Im Jahr 1976 standen 31% aller Angriffe auf Polizisten im Zusammenhang mit Fällen häuslicher Gewalt, „representing the greatest percentage of assaults on law enforcement officers“. Zudem starben 20% aller Beamten, die im Einsatz getötet wurden, nachdem sie einem Notruf im Zusammenhang mit domestic violence Folge geleistet hatten.
»If you can’t beat ’em, join ’em«. Computerschach und der Wandel der Mensch-Maschinen-Verhältnisse
(2018)
It would be easy to presume that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights had always been a symbol of opposition and dissent in the German Democratic Republic. Passed by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, the UDHR contained a number of provisions that contradicted the political and social order of the GDR as run by the Socialist Unity Party (SED). It demanded an independent judiciary, prohibited arbitrary arrest and invasion of privacy, and guaranteed the right to leave one’s own country. In East Germany, where the judiciary was firmly an ideological organ, the Stasi regularly conducted mass surveillance and arbitrary detention and those seeking to leave the country illegally were shot at the border, this would seem to be a document seen to be inherently hostile to SED rule. Even the social rights contained in the UDHR, in particular the right to strike, were contrary to the legal realities of East Germany where citizens could not demand rights from the state that would obstruct the will of the party.
Yet over the course of East Germany’s existence, the Universal Declaration was more likely to be invoked by the SED than by its domestic opponents. The SED came to view the Universal Declaration and the UN human rights system as a whole as an ally to the Socialist Bloc and the contents of the UDHR reflected in the achievements of socialism within the borders of the GDR. For decades this was not challenged by East Germans on a mass scale, until very suddenly in the late 1980s, human rights and the UDHR became symbols of the democratic opposition. This article will trace the trajectory of the UDHR in East German public discourse from its passage in 1948 and the reaction by the SED in the Soviet Occupied Zone, through the commemorations of the UDHR on its many anniversaries before the ultimate collapse of SED in 1989.
Fest steht auch: Unterforscht ist die internationale Flüchtlingspolitik mitnichten. Auffällig ist aber, dass die Bedeutung des Protokolls und seiner Entstehungsgeschichte eher konstatiert als wirklich nachgewiesen wird. Die 1950er und 1970er Jahre sind Stiefkinder der Flüchtlingsforschung. Dabei fand die Globalisierung der internationalen Flüchtlingshilfe gerade in diesen beiden Dekaden statt. Ihre bis heute gültigen Grundzüge formten sich erst in diesem Zeitraum aus.
Es ist daher verkürzt, sich auf die Flüchtlingskonvention zu fokussieren und spätere Entwicklungen zu vernachlässigen: Diesem Verständnis nach leiteten nach dem Holocaust menschenrechtliche und universelle Motive die Schaffung der heutigen Strukturen. Es lohnt sich, dieses Bild zu korrigieren und die Komplexität des Entwicklungsprozesses näher zu beleuchten. Bis in die 1940er Jahre behandelte die internationale Gemeinschaft die Flüchtlingsfrage als eine Art Ausnahmezustand, als transitorisches Phänomen, überwiegend in Europa, und nicht als dauerhaftes globales Problem. Die Entwicklungen, an deren Ende eine dem Anspruch nach universelle Flüchtlingspolitik stand und die legalistisch im New York Protocol 1967 kulminierte, waren weitaus vielschichtiger.
This article examines the rise of aeromobile sprawl, which is defined here as aviation’s socio-environmental impact on people, places, and things, in Canada during the 1970s. It links aeromobile sprawl largely to state-led airport development and the effect that upgrading, expanding, and building new airports had on communities and landscapes. Accordingly, it shows that while aeromobile sprawl was to some extent an outcome of postwar developments not limited to aviation, the Canadian government and its partners also contributed to sprawl by endorsing various policies and strategies that shifted over the period in question. At the same time, these actions did not go unnoticed. Public critiques of aeromobile sprawl emerged as people increasingly objected to larger and busier airports operating near populated and non-industrial areas. This article demonstrates that debates in Canada about airport development and the rapid growth of aviation revealed sharply diverging views about how to best accommodate the mobility requirements of mass air travel within the country’s natural and built environments in the 1970s.