20. Jahrhundert
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This paper conceptualizes the history of the future in the twentieth century. The present future is always multi-faceted: produced by diverse actors, it concerns different aspects of the world, and is articulated in many ways. We suggest a divergence from the Koselleckian notion of a unified horizon of expectation. Rather than concentrating on the contents of visions of the future, we focus on the processes by which the future is generated. Distinguishing between futures of expectation, creation, risk, and conservation, we offer both a systematic account and a heuristic to analyze the pluralization of the future in the twentieth century.
Die Digitalgeschichte ist in der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft angekommen. Unter Digitalgeschichte verstehen wir eine neue historische Perspektive auf die fundamentale Umwälzung klassischer historischer Kategorien wie beispielsweise Raum, Zeit, Identität, Arbeit oder Nationalstaat seit der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts durch Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien. Digitalgeschichte beschränkt sich nicht nur auf die Computergeschichte als Geschichte eines spezifischen Artefaktes, sondern umfasst alle auf binärdigitaler Codierung basierenden, elektronischen Technologien, beispielsweise auch Kommunikationsnetzwerke oder Mensch-Maschine-Hybride. Sie ist das deutsche Pendant zur englischen history of computing, hingegen mit dezidiertem Schwerpunkt auf die Zeit seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg bis in die Gegenwart.
The introduction to this issue on historical surveillance studies argues for an integrated understanding of surveillance that focuses on the interconnectedness of the state, economy and sciences within the context of different forms of technological revolution. It suggests reading contemporary diagnoses of ‘total surveillance’ from a long-term historical perspective beginning in the seventeenth century. In this light, surveillance is not limited to intelligence history or state control. Rather, it produces patterns of order and data that can be deployed for political processes like urban planning, welfare policy, crime prevention, or the persecution of political opponents. Furthermore, surveillance is also part of the economy, encompassing market and consumption research, advertising, and workplace monitoring. Research into the political and the economic aspects of surveillance should be combined. After defining the term ‘surveillance’ and differentiating between security and surveillance studies, the article provides an overview of different empirical studies in this new historiographical field. It concludes with short summaries of the articles collected in this issue.