20. Jahrhundert
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Early twentieth-century managers identified the human factor in industry as one of the crucial problems of their time. This article reviews recent research on the development from unsystematic labour management to human resources management. Current studies transcend the well-known labour process debate, which focussed on management’s intent to control workers.Growing concern is laid on the fact that some early twentieth-century employers already practised strategies, which are characteristic of post-Fordism, e. g. that it would be more important to utilise individuals than control them with discipline. Studies on scientific management, social engineering, and the human relations approach are reviewed. Furthermore, I shall discuss the question which ones of these concepts were in fact adapted on work floor level. However, it has been proved that regimes of workforce government due to the power of foremen and supervisors were partly independent of higher management’s strategies.
This articles shows from a gender perspective how in twentieth century Germany the sciences of work dealt with the problems of the factory’s spatial order and the human factor. Starting in the 1920s, workers were no longer regarded as mere objects of discipline but rather as individuals whose individuality was to be utilized. As the women workforce grew, also the scientists’ of work interest in the gender question gained significance. Consequently, ergonomics argued for workplace engineering and a new form of leadership that took special care of “psychological and aesthetic” female needs. Therefore, the discourse on humanizing work, becoming hegemonic after 1945, had gender roots usually neglected by historical research.
Zwischen Historisierung und Globalisierung: Titel, Themen und Trends der neueren Empire-Forschung
(2011)
The following article examines recent publications on empires and imperial history in world history, covering general overviews, comparative studies and monographs on individual cases. As a preliminary result of a general expansion of empire-studies – diachronically, with regard to different historical spaces and thematically – the authors identify a danger of inflating the concept and thereby weakening its analytical strength. Furthermore, a growing gulf between macro-perspectives and panoramas on the one hand and mikro-analyses on the other makes it difficult to achieve a suitable framework for precise research on empires. The article therefore argues in favour of a meso level, as the comparative view on the complex relation between empires and nation-states in the nineteenth and twentieth century can illustrate.
Die Vorstellung, das Konzentrationslager sei eine das Dritte Reich definierende Institution gewesen, ist zu einem Gemeinplatz über die 1930er Jahre geworden. Dies gilt ebenso für die Annahme, dass die deutschen Lager brutalere Instrumente waren, um Geist und Körper ihrer menschlichen Fracht zu brechen, als jede andere Form der Internierung. 1940 veröffentlichte der ungarische Autor und Journalist Arthur Koestler einen Bericht über seine Erfahrungen als Kommunist und Jude in Le Vernet, einem französischen Konzentrationslager für feindliche Ausländer. Zu seinem Glück wurde Koestler aus dem nahe der spanischen Grenze gelegenen Lager entlassen, bevor die Deutschen eintrafen.
Das Erdklima hat auch früher Phasen der Erwärmung und Abkühlung erlebt, ich gehe jedoch davon aus, dass die gegenwärtige globale Erwärmung im Wesentlichen anthropogen, also von Menschen gemacht ist. Die Idee einer anthropogenen globalen Erwärmung ist nicht neu, es gibt sie schon mindestens seit der Zeit der Aufklärung. Heute wird diese Hypothese jedoch auf breiter Front von der Klimaforschung gestützt.
Over the last few years, there has been an increasing interest in the concept of Fordism. It is no longer only used to describe a specific form of the organization of production. Rather, scholars stress the importance of a broader understanding. In my article, I pick up these discussions by showing, first, that a concept of Fordism only makes sense if the effects of the emerging consumer societies are seriously taken into account. Second, I argue in favor of a body history of Fordism, giving rise to the question as to what extent we might be able to speak of »Fordist bodies«. With reference to debates about periodization, third, I discuss how such an account fits into the history of industrialized societies since the late 19th century. By focusing on the discussion about post-Fordism, I argue that there is certainly some evidence for a »break« in the course of the 1960s and 1970s. Particularly from the perspective of body history, however, there are also indications that a reevaluation of the Fordist features of late 20th century societies is also called for.
»Volksgemeinschaft« hat Hochkonjunktur. Der Historikertag 2008 widmete ihr eigens eine Sektion. Weithin über die Grenzen der Fachwissenschaft hinaus beachtete, internationale Konferenzen nehmen sich ihrer an. So organisierte das Deutsche Historische Institut London 2010 eine Tagung, deren Referenten- und Teilnehmerliste die renommiertesten Vertreter der Zeitgeschichtsschreibung aufführte. Jüngst widmete sich auch die 4. Internationale Konferenz zur Holocaustforschung, ausgerichtet von der Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, der »Volksgemeinschaft«. Schon seit längerem ziert der Begriff die Titelseiten zahlreicher populär wie fachwissenschaftlicher Bücher, findet er sich in den Titeln zahlloser Zeitschriftenbeiträge wieder und ist – teils in An- und Abführungszeichen gesetzt, teils nicht – fester idiomatischer Bestandteil der gegenwärtig vorherrschenden zeithistorischen »Meistererzählung« von der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft.
Debating Consumer Durables. Luxury and Social Inequality in Poland during the System Transition
(2015)
This essay aims to discuss how cultural meanings of modern consumer durables, such as colour TVs, stereos and automatic washing machines, were embedded in the public debate towards social equality before and after the change of 1989 in Poland. In state socialism, availability of affordable electric appliances was one of the agendas of the state politics of collective consumption. Along with the system transition, affordability of consumer durables became extensively discussed within the framework of emerging consumer capitalism. At that time purchases and ownership of consumer durables became an indicator of the emergence of a new consumption culture based upon individual lifestyles in a society where social diversification and income inequality were intrinsic elements of social order.
Globale Daten in lokalen Speichern. Ethnographische infrastrukturelle Zugänge zum World Wide Web
(2015)
Wie in anderen Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften so ist auch in der Europäischen Ethnologie das Interesse an den materiellen Dimensionen des sozialen und kulturellen Lebens im letzten Jahrzehnt gestiegen. So wurde zum einen im Sinne der bereits vor Jahren im Fach angestoßenen Diskussion die Betrachtung von Dingen als bloßen Repräsentationen und Symbolen gesellschaftlicher Prozesse und Phänomene als unzureichend kritisiert und die Eigenständigkeit von materiellen Objekten sowie die wissens- und realitätsstiftenden Funktionen ihrer Materialität hervorgehoben. Zum anderen erstarkte in der Fachdiskussion das Bewusstsein, dass die Betrachtung von einzelnen Dingen in lokalen Kontexten nicht immer ausreicht, um soziokulturelle Prozesse in der globalisierten Welt zu verstehen und ethnographisch zu greifen. Diese verengte Perspektive muss durch ein breiteres, relationales Verständnis von Materialität und um die Untersuchung komplexer, grenzüberschreitender sozio-materieller Konstellationen ergänzt werden.
The introduction to this issue on historical surveillance studies argues for an integrated understanding of surveillance that focuses on the interconnectedness of the state, economy and sciences within the context of different forms of technological revolution. It suggests reading contemporary diagnoses of ‘total surveillance’ from a long-term historical perspective beginning in the seventeenth century. In this light, surveillance is not limited to intelligence history or state control. Rather, it produces patterns of order and data that can be deployed for political processes like urban planning, welfare policy, crime prevention, or the persecution of political opponents. Furthermore, surveillance is also part of the economy, encompassing market and consumption research, advertising, and workplace monitoring. Research into the political and the economic aspects of surveillance should be combined. After defining the term ‘surveillance’ and differentiating between security and surveillance studies, the article provides an overview of different empirical studies in this new historiographical field. It concludes with short summaries of the articles collected in this issue.