20. Jahrhundert
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Technikgeschichte
(2018)
In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich die deutschsprachige Technikgeschichte inhaltlich und konzeptionell selbstbewusst präsentiert und ihre Position als eine eigenständige Disziplin des historischen Fächerkanons bekräftigt. Eike-Christian Heine und Christian Zumbrägel stellen zentrale Perspektiven, Begriffe und Theorien vor, die die Technikgeschichte im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts prägten, und benennen technikhistorische Themen, die aus zeitgeschichtlicher Perspektive besonders zukunftsträchtig erscheinen.
Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien durchdringen gegenwärtig alle Lebensbereiche. Dabei haben sich mit dem Anbruch des digitalen Zeitalters auch die Vorstellungen von Öffentlichkeit, Privatsphäre und Partizipation stark gewandelt. Techniken des „e-Governments“ steuern politische und soziale Prozesse. Computer regulieren den globalen Finanzmarktkapitalismus, berechnen (und manipulieren) Wahlergebnisse, lenken globale Kommunikationsströme, optimieren industrielle Produktions- und logistische Vertriebsprozesse und speichern überdies das Wissen von Verkehrsbetrieben, Krankenhäusern, Polizeibehörden und Geheimdiensten. Mit dieser Form der „Verdatung der Welt“ sind in den letzten Dekaden neue Wissensräume entstanden. Computer, Suchmaschinen und Datenbanken ordnen unsere moderne Welt.[1] Sie regeln den öffentlichen Raum und stecken zugleich die Sphäre des Privaten ab.
Die Holocaust-Forschung hat sich in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten internationalisiert, zugleich aber auch immer stärker ausdifferenziert und spezialisiert. Dabei entstanden regelrechte Sub-Disziplinen, etwa die »Täterforschung«, und viele Forschungsergebnisse sind – auch bedingt durch mangelnde Sprachkenntnisse – selbst für Spezialisten kaum noch zu überschauen. Mit diesem Band legen wir nun eine Einführung in die verschiedenen Forschungsansätze vor und diskutieren zugleich die Frage, in welche größeren historischen Zusammenhänge der Holocaust eingeordnet werden kann bzw. muss. Dabei geht es um Kernfragen künftiger Forschung ebenso wie um grundsätzliche Probleme, die durch die Internationalisierung und Ausdifferenzierung der Forschung entstanden sind.
The Holocaust and Genocide
(2004)
How does the Holocaust relate to genocide as a concept and an event? This question has caused considerable controversy because scholarly discourse and identity politics cannot be separated neatly. While the term 'genocide' was coined during the Second World War and enshrined in International law in 1948, the Holocaust as a specifically Jewish tragedy did not become an object of consciousness until almost two decades later. Ever since, those highlighting a distinctive experience for European Jewry have sought to separate it from that of other victims of the Nazis as well as other cases of ethnic and racial extermination.
The Language of Eichmann in Jerusalem. Nazi German and Other Forms of German in the 1961 Trial
(2024)
The Eichmann trial granted the German language a degree of audibility unprecedented in the short history of the State of Israel, with the defendant, the judges, prosecutors, and witnesses frequently resorting to speaking in German. Drawing on archival materials, protocols, footage, and press reports, this article shows how the Eichmann trial brought to the surface several historical tensions around the postwar status of the German language. The various forms of German heard in the courtroom challenged notions of German as a Nazi language and contributed to a gradual mitigation of its status as a tainted language. The article concludes by reassessing Hannah Arendt’s 1963 Eichmann in Jerusalem and specifically her postulate that Eichmann’s language faithfully reflected his mindset. It is argued that Arendt’s understanding of Eichmann’s language echoed prewar ideas on German’s distinctive power.
How have Jewish intellectuals reflected on the German language both in relation to and in the aftermath of the ›catastrophe‹? This essay explores one perspective, that of H.G. Adler (Prague, 1910 – London, 1988), a scholar, author, and survivor of the Shoah. Adler’s relationship to and reflections on the German language offer insights into the experience of persecution and survival as well as into the memory and representation of the Holocaust. His vast body of work testifies to both the possibility and the necessity of writing ›after Auschwitz‹, and indeed to the necessity of writing in German after the Holocaust. A survivor of Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, and two satellite camps of Buchenwald (Niederorschel and Langenstein-Zwieberge), Adler went on to write in various forms, from the analytic to the poetic, about National Socialism, antisemitism, and life and death in the concentration and extermination camp system. His scholarly work made an important contribution to establishing the international and interdisciplinary field of Holocaust Studies, and his poetry and novels bear witness to his own personal experiences in the camps, albeit not in a directly autobiographical form.
My Road to Berlin, or Mein Weg nach Berlin, presents a Willy Brandt that confounds a present-day reader’s expectations. While the 1960 autobiography of the then-mayor of West Berlin links his career with the familiar story of democracy’s development in Germany, this work nevertheless retains an unexpected edge. In one surprising scene, the mayor denounces his East Berlin SED counterparts as a ›Communist foreign legion‹ whom ›the citizens of my city had decisively defeated‹ during the Second Berlin Crisis of 1958 (p. 17). In the book, Brandt comes off as a Cold Warrior of steely determination rather than a Brückenbauer bridging ideological divides. Far from being out of character, however, My Road to Berlin captures Brandt at a pivotal moment in his career, when he sought to offer himself to both West German voters and a global public as a viable alternative to Konrad Adenauer.
This article explores the connection between genocide, language and language consciousness by tracing the strange biography of one Yiddish neologism: shabreven. During the Holocaust, the word came to mean both ›looting‹ and ›taking ownerless property‹. It stoked moral and etymological debate among Yiddish speakers in the Warsaw ghetto, while also occupying a prominent position in postwar Polish and Zionist discourses. The term shifted between different semantic, ethical and cultural fields, navigating a delicate balance between various meanings and norms. The discussions around this term help to shed light on key questions: What were the motivations for the study of Holocaust Yiddish neologisms? How did this early postwar Yiddish philological discourse differ from its parallel in German? Shabreven became both a symbol of the genocidal collapse of language and a tool for regaining victim agency in speech.
Version 1.0: Theorie ist ein genuines Element des Forschungssettings wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisarbeit. Der Begriff wird heute in verschiedenen, sich teils widersprechenden Definitionen verwendet. Mit dem jeweiligen Theorieverständnis verbunden sind Grundentscheidungen über Form und Anwendungspraxis wissenschaftlicher Methoden.