Zeithistorische Forschungen
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Questions about the performance of democratic governance, about trust in democratic institutions and their representatives, about the system’s inherent ability to self-correct and to respond to unforeseen situations are now once again being raised with particular urgency. ›Which copes better with the virus – totalitarian states or democracies?‹ was the question a reporting team from the weekly newspaper DIE ZEIT wanted to answer at the beginning of 2021, investigating the strategies and practices of pandemic control in Germany and China, the USA and Iran. The answer certainly depends on how one weights different indicators and which time horizon one chooses for consideration. It also depends on the value one wishes to place on democratic procedures, especially in the face of acute decision-making pressure. Quite apart from the Covid pandemic, democratic systems, even those of the ›West‹ with a long tradition, are increasingly undergoing a crisis of legitimacy, are exposed to hostility, are disparaged or even violently opposed. Against this backdrop, the Gerda Henkel Foundation announced a ›Funding Programme Democracy‹ in 2019, and various Berlin research institutions opened the Cluster of Excellence ›Contestations of the Liberal Script‹ in 2020.
In this issue
(2022)
In 2020/21 it was first and foremost the Covid pandemic that many experienced as a major turning point; now the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine since 24 February 2022 has added a whole new set of events of existential significance, whose medium- and long-term consequences we can only partly foresee. The title of a book published in the spring of 2022, Der 11. September 2001 – (k)eine Zeitenwende? (11 September 2001 – A Historical Turning Point?), has come to sound like something from a bygone age. The question ›Is this the beginning of a new era?‹ is now posed under altered circumstances, and a ›historical turning point‹ and the ›end of globalisation‹ are proclaimed in equally adamant fashion. An academic – in the best sense of the word – conference on ›New Eras and Epochal Change‹ in April 2022 acquired an unanticipated immediacy. The organising team wrote: ›We have been outrun and perhaps even rendered irrelevant by events.‹ But humanities scholarship also entails a certain scepticism towards hasty diagnoses of the times and proclamations of turning points, as scholars including the Indian-born political scientist Parag Khanna have underscored: ›We should avoid grandiloquent proclamations that seek to encapsulate our times. Such characterisations can only capture the moment that has just passed and are guaranteed to quickly be outdated.‹ Of course even such a ›guarantee‹ that any statements can only be provisional may seem questionable when there are ›unmistakable symptoms of upheaval, of profound rupture‹, as the historian Jörn Leonhard has emphasised. With reference to Reinhart Koselleck, he underscores the fundamentally close link between ›rupture and repetition‹, between the ›singularity of history‹ and its ›recurrence‹.
In this issue
(2023)
The Russian war of aggression against Ukraine, now in its second year, has many historical connections and implications – including some which may not immediately spring to mind. The German War Graves Commission estimates that the human remains of more than 800 Wehrmacht soldiers have been uncovered so far over the course of this war, some of them surfacing as new trenches were being dug. Helmets and boots have also been found. Historian Reinhart Koselleck’s (1923–2006) metaphor of Zeitschichten, or temporal layers, acquires here a different meaning and a very concrete materiality. (Koselleck had himself served as a soldier in Ukraine.) In her acceptance speech for the Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding in April 2023, the Russian author Maria Stepanova, who currently lives in Berlin, said: ›Are we condemned to keep reliving the twentieth century with its prisons, concentration camps and propaganda machines, its trench warfare and area bombardments? What can we do when the fabric of language, its texture, suddenly becomes transparent, revealing all the hidden layers of latent and overt violence percolating to the surface?‹
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(2019)
Wer endlose Regalkilometer mit großen Tonbandspulen in klimatisierten Räumen und aufwändige Archiverschließungssysteme erwartet, mag zunächst enttäuscht sein. Fünf Metallkoffer gefüllt mit DATs (Digital Audio Tapes) und CDs (Compact Discs), ein Aktenordner mit Informationen zu Aufnahmeobjekt, -ort, -datum, -kontext sowie einer rudimentären Verschlagwortung: So sieht die materielle Dimension des Schallarchivs zur Klanglandschaft Ruhrgebiet aus, das Richard Ortmann, Ralf R. Wassermann und ich seit den 1980er-Jahren aufbauen und das sich, grundsätzlichen Überlegungen zur Quellenbasis einer Musealisierung regionaler Industrialisierung folgend, in Kopie auch im Essener Ruhr Museum befindet. Anders als Rundfunkarchive, deren im Laufe von Jahrzehnten akkumulierte Geräuschesammlungen sich (Hörspiel-)Produktionen verdanken, versteht sich dieses Schallarchiv als eine geschichtskulturelle Aktivität, die jenen umfassenden Strukturwandel zum Thema macht, den das Ruhrgebiet als alteuropäische Montanregion seit Ende der 1950er-Jahre durchlebt und vorantreibt.
Eine oft übersehene Dimension der Auseinandersetzung bundesdeutscher Sicherheitsakteure mit dem international vernetzten Linksterrorismus ab den 1970er-Jahren ist die sogenannte Polizeihilfe für Staaten des Globalen Südens. Bundesdeutsches Know-how und Polizeitechnik made in Germany sollten die Polizeibehörden in Partnerländern modernisieren und so die internationale Anti-Terror-Zusammenarbeit verbessern. Der Aufsatz untersucht die Dynamiken solcher Kooperationen in Lateinamerika und stützt sich dabei vor allem auf Akten der beteiligten Bundesministerien. Westdeutsche Behörden stuften die Region aufgrund ihrer politischen Instabilität als möglichen Rückzugsort terroristischer Gruppen ein. Anders als oft dargestellt, folgten die Programme jedoch kaum einer außen- oder sicherheitspolitischen Gesamtstrategie. Vielmehr entwickelten sich die prestigeträchtigen Polizeihilfen zu einer symbolischen »Währung« für die Aushandlungsprozesse zwischen den Akteuren einer zunehmend transnationalisierten »Inneren Sicherheit«. Partnerschaften zwischen den Sicherheitsinstitutionen von demokratischen Staaten wie der Bundesrepublik und Militärdiktaturen wie Brasilien, Chile oder Peru waren dabei die Regel.
Police assistance programmes for Global South countries were a key component of West Germany’s efforts to counter international left-wing terrorism during the 1970s and 1980s. Security technology ›made in Germany‹ and West German policing expertise were considered important foreign policy tools to support the modernisation of partner countries’ police institutions and for strengthening international cooperation in the domain of counterterrorism. Focusing on West German police assistance programmes for Latin America, and primarily based on files of the West German federal ministries involved, we demonstrate that, far from simply reflecting broader security or foreign policy goals, the practical unfolding of these programmes was driven by constant negotiation processes between the various actors. This, in turn, transformed police assistance programmes into a veritable symbolic currency whose accumulation decisively pushed the transnationalisation of West Germany’s internal security. Partnerships between the security institutions of democratic states such as West Germany and military dictatorships such as Brazil, Chile and Peru were standard practice.