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Picture agencies are mediators between photographers and editorial staffs; they play a crucial role in producing mass media visibility. However, their part in the system of the visual propaganda of the Nazi state is largely unexplored. This article features a controversial case, the American Associated Press and its German subsidiary. By submitting to the Schriftleitergesetz (Editorial Control Law) in 1935, the German AP GmbH (LLC) followed its German counterparts in the process of Gleichschaltung (forcible coordination). Until the United States entered the war in December 1941, AP supplied the Nazi press with American pictures. This service proved to be of particular relevance for propaganda. AP was also allowed to continue its photographic reporting in the Reich. AP pictures taken under the aegis of the Propaganda Ministry, the Wehrmacht and the SS were ubiquitous in the Nazi press. Moreover, the New York headquarters supplied the North American press with these same pictures, where they were published either as news photos or as propaganda images.
How will Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine end? What kinds of political scenarios could stop the suffering and bring stability to the region? Of all the different future scenarios none is particularly encouraging. In particular, the prospect of a ›Finlandized‹ Ukraine has met with near universal rejection. Yet, ever since Russia’s illegal annexation of the Crimea, ›Finlandization‹ of Ukraine has been discussed as a potential solution.
The Language of Eichmann in Jerusalem. Nazi German and Other Forms of German in the 1961 Trial
(2024)
The Eichmann trial granted the German language a degree of audibility unprecedented in the short history of the State of Israel, with the defendant, the judges, prosecutors, and witnesses frequently resorting to speaking in German. Drawing on archival materials, protocols, footage, and press reports, this article shows how the Eichmann trial brought to the surface several historical tensions around the postwar status of the German language. The various forms of German heard in the courtroom challenged notions of German as a Nazi language and contributed to a gradual mitigation of its status as a tainted language. The article concludes by reassessing Hannah Arendt’s 1963 Eichmann in Jerusalem and specifically her postulate that Eichmann’s language faithfully reflected his mindset. It is argued that Arendt’s understanding of Eichmann’s language echoed prewar ideas on German’s distinctive power.
My Road to Berlin, or Mein Weg nach Berlin, presents a Willy Brandt that confounds a present-day reader’s expectations. While the 1960 autobiography of the then-mayor of West Berlin links his career with the familiar story of democracy’s development in Germany, this work nevertheless retains an unexpected edge. In one surprising scene, the mayor denounces his East Berlin SED counterparts as a ›Communist foreign legion‹ whom ›the citizens of my city had decisively defeated‹ during the Second Berlin Crisis of 1958 (p. 17). In the book, Brandt comes off as a Cold Warrior of steely determination rather than a Brückenbauer bridging ideological divides. Far from being out of character, however, My Road to Berlin captures Brandt at a pivotal moment in his career, when he sought to offer himself to both West German voters and a global public as a viable alternative to Konrad Adenauer.
This article explores the connection between genocide, language and language consciousness by tracing the strange biography of one Yiddish neologism: shabreven. During the Holocaust, the word came to mean both ›looting‹ and ›taking ownerless property‹. It stoked moral and etymological debate among Yiddish speakers in the Warsaw ghetto, while also occupying a prominent position in postwar Polish and Zionist discourses. The term shifted between different semantic, ethical and cultural fields, navigating a delicate balance between various meanings and norms. The discussions around this term help to shed light on key questions: What were the motivations for the study of Holocaust Yiddish neologisms? How did this early postwar Yiddish philological discourse differ from its parallel in German? Shabreven became both a symbol of the genocidal collapse of language and a tool for regaining victim agency in speech.
Koyaanisqatsi is a cult American movie and a reference point for many viewers. A strong critique of modernity, a manifesto against industrialization, as well as an artist’s view of the brutality of humankind against nature, its enthralling rhythm and music, sublime images and powerful message are still striking today, 35 years after its production. And, in many respects, the movie has become a cultural landmark about the use of modern technology and the destruction of the natural landscape.
The debates about what to do with collections from colonial contexts, and how to deal with them, have developed pace and unexpected momentum in the last three years. This is especially true for artifacts from the African continent, whether they are in museums or collections in Europe, North America, or elsewhere outside the continent. But the same is true under different circumstances, and we do not want to pass over this, for colonial collections and museums in Africa. Let's take a closer look at both in light of recent debates.
The discussions about whether, to whom and when under which circumstances a return, or rather indeed: an unequivocal restitution is appropriate or not, have recently experienced differentiations. This applies already to the preconditions of most restitutions, namely the opening and making accessible of the inventories. While some think that in principle everything should be put online, another opinion maintains that whenever possible, the creators or original holders should have their say beforehand, especially in the case of 'sensitive' objects such as those containing human remains, of a sacred nature, or photographs of contexts of violence. This has also brought other issues into focus – questions about the various forms of rights of disposal, about the forms and functions of museums in Africa, and in Europe and elsewhere.
Wie für viele neue Staaten und »Entwicklungsländer« in der Ära nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg spielten transnationale Dynamiken des Wissenstransfers auch für das 1948 gegründete Israel eine wichtige Rolle. Eine geradezu staatstragende Funktion kam dabei der entstehenden Raumplanung zu. Die israelischen Planungseliten waren durch ihr Studium und durch Grundannahmen des »Social Engineering« eng mit der deutschen Wissenskultur und speziell mit der Raumordnung verflochten – auch über die Zäsur von 1945 hinweg. Der Aufsatz untersucht die Rezeption der Theorie »zentraler Orte« im Kontext des ersten, meist als »Sharonplan« bezeichneten israelischen Nationalplans von 1951. Die 1933 durch Walter Christaller publizierte Theorie hatte auch einen konzeptionellen Eckpfeiler des »Generalplans Ost« gebildet, den die SS bzw. der »Reichskommissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums« (RKF) nach 1939 zur »Germanisierung« der eroberten Ostgebiete entwickelt hatte. Die Ambivalenz der israelischen Rezeptionslinie wird anhand der Biographien dreier Planer geschildert (Eliezer Brutzkus, Artur Glikson, Ariel Kahane).
Millionen von Menschen aus zahlreichen Ländern besuchten im 20. Jahrhundert die Schlachtfelder und Soldatenfriedhöfe des Ersten und Zweiten Weltkriegs. Die Motive und Praktiken der Reisenden waren dabei durchaus unterschiedlich. In den ersten Nachkriegsjahren und -jahrzehnten fuhren viele Angehörige von Kriegstoten zu Soldatenfriedhöfen, Gedenkstätten und ehemaligen Schlachtfeldern. Aber es waren immer auch andere Personen und Gruppen unter den Reisenden, die keine persönliche Beziehung zu den toten Soldaten hatten. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg bezeichneten britische Zeitgenossen die Reisen von Veteranen und Angehörigen gefallener Soldaten zu den von ihnen als heilig betrachteten Schlachtfeldern und Kriegsgräbern als Pilgerfahrten und werteten andere Besucher dieser Orte als »Touristen« ab, die sich an den sakralen Stätten nicht angemessen benähmen und aus reiner Sensationslust angereist seien.