Race
Music played an important role as a political medium for the anti-apartheid movement, particularly in the 1980s. Drawing on sources from the UK and South Africa, the article investigates the controversy surrounding Paul Simon’s album Graceland (1986) against the backdrop of the cultural boycott against South Africa. The aim of the boycott was to isolate the apartheid regime in the field of culture, but from the middle of the 1980s, the opposition within South Africa increasingly regarded it as an obstacle. The African National Congress (ANC) pursued a modification of the boycott against the resistance of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM). The controversy over Graceland only served to compound the confusion: opinions differed as to whether Simon had really breached the cultural boycott by collaborating with South African musicians, and on how this could potentially be sanctioned (in either sense of the word). The incident shows that the attempt to control transnational cultural currents through political institutions in times of increased mediatisation was ultimately doomed to failure.
In this article I examine the context for the British bank Barclays’ decision to disinvest from South Africa in 1986, with special attention to the impact of the Anti-Apartheid Movement’s campaign against the bank. The 18-year long campaign against Barclays – the largest bank in South Africa at the time and the fourth largest foreign-owned corporation – points to significant developments within the fields of corporate social responsibility and the potential influence of social movements on multinational corporations. Applying the theoretical approach of subpolitics as developed by Ulrich Beck in combination with the later subdivision by Boris Holzer and Mads P. Sørensen into a passive and an active form, it is possible to analyse the decisions of both anti-apartheid activists and Barclays on similar terms. The conclusions drawn in this article emphasise the idea that economic decisions taken by multinational corporations may have unintended political consequences and, furthermore, that the awareness of this phenomenon has contributed to the development of corporate social responsibility. Finally, I suggest that the campaign against Barclays generated public attentiveness towards the social responsibility of businesses.
Warum Südafrika? Die Politik des britischen Anti-Apartheid-Aktivismus in den langen 1970er Jahren
(2017)
Die weltweite Anti-Apartheid-Bewegung war »die erste erfolgreiche transnationale soziale Bewegung in der Ära der Globalisierung«. So sieht es Francis Nesbitt, der argumentiert: »Das Ungewöhnliche an ihr war das Ausmaß der Unterstützung, die sie von Einzelpersonen, Regierungen und Organisationen auf allen Kontinenten erfuhr. Soziale Bewegungen erreichen selten auch nur annähernd eine solche internationale Unterstützung wie die gegen das rassistische Apartheidregime in Südafrika.« Nesbitts Urteil steht stellvertretend für die Sicht anderer Historiker, die jüngst begonnen haben, sich mit dem Anti-Apartheid-Aktivismus zu befassen. Sie alle betonen das große Maß an Zuspruch, das dieser erfahren habe. Bislang haben sie es jedoch kaum unternommen, zu untersuchen und zu erklären, wie sich diese Unterstützung im Lauf der Zeit veränderte, oder der Frage nachzugehen, warum sich bestimmte Einzelpersonen und Organisationen in der Bewegung gegen das südafrikanische Apartheidregime engagierten.