20. Jahrhundert
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»Leise über den Dächern reisen«, so war im Herbst 2012 ein Artikel zu städtischen Seilbahnen betitelt. Der zentrale Vorteil dieses Transportmittels: Seine Nutzer würden hoch über den verstopften Straßen schweben, ihr Ziel fast lautlos, ohne Verzögerung und beinahe CO2-neutral erreichen. In Europa ist die zu den Olympischen Sommerspielen 2012 in London eröffnete und nach ihrem Sponsor benannte Luftseilbahn Emirates Air Line eines der bekanntesten Prestigeprojekte für diese neue städtische Mobilitätsform. Als Vorbilder dienten die urbanen Seilbahnen in Asien und Lateinamerika, obschon vereinzelt auch westliche Städte wie Barcelona, New York oder Koblenz im ausgehenden 20. und frühen 21. Jahrhundert auf dieses Konzept gesetzt hatten. Gerade in Metropolregionen und Megastädten, die sich mit einem massiven Verkehrsaufkommen und einem immer weiter voranschreitenden Bevölkerungswachstum konfrontiert sehen, entwickelt sich die Seilbahn zu einem Fortbewegungsmittel, das Zukunftsutopien bedient.
A growing international interest in history, often referred to as the "history boom", has been evident since the 1970s. This is reflected in a quantitative increase in the demand as well as the supply of a range of products communicating history, products aimed at a broad public and not at a limited readership with specialist training. The number of visitors to historical exhibits is increasing as new museums and memorials are opened and new monuments are dedicated. Historical movies – feature and documentary films as well as docudramas – are aired on prime-time television, and cinema is rediscovering historical themes. The number of scholarly historical publications is growing, alongside works for general readers as well as historical novels.
Version 2.0: In the Roman Republic, a dictatorship (dictatura in Latin) referred to an institution of constitutional law. In times of emergency the senate would temporarily grant a dictator extraordinary powers to defend and restore state order. This classic meaning was reshaped in various ways during the twentieth century. Dictatorship became an ambiguous term whose range of meanings could encompass positive expectations as well as moral condemnation. The modern concept of dictatorship has been used as both a self-descriptor as well as a label employed by others to describe communist, fascist and Nazi rule.
While Crises are omnipresent in history and historiography, the meaning of the concept of „Crisis“ is becoming more elusive than ever. The new article by Rüdiger Graf and Konrad H. Jarausch scrutinizes how historians use the concept with respect to contemporary history, the twentieth century, and modernity in general. After briefly sketching the conceptual history of "crisis," the article addresses the questions of how the concept structures historiographical narratives, what types of crises historians distinguish, and, considering its vagueness, suggestive power, and political instrumentalization, if we should retain the concept or refrain from using it.